無政府共産主義（英:anarchist communism、anarcho-communism、free communism）は、アナキズムの潮流の一つで、国家、私有財産、資本主義を廃止して、生産手段を社会化して、直接民主制をとり、ボランティア組合と労働者評議会の水平なネットワークを社会の基礎として、「能力に応じて働き、必要に応じて受け取る」基準を満たすような生産と消費を行う社会を目指す。無政府共産主義の暴動無政府主義（）などの潮流は、（エゴイズム的な無政府主義）であり、無政府共産主義を個人の自由の実現のための最良の社会システムだとする急進的個人主義的無政府主義に強い影響を受けている。多くの無政府共産主義者は無政府共産主義によって、個人と社会の相反する両者の溝が埋まると捉えている。無政府共産主義は、フランス革命後の急進的な社会主義者の傾向から生み出されたが、第一インターナショナルのイタリア支部で初めて思想として確立された。ピョートル・クロポトキンの論理的考察は、後に労働組合肯定派と暴動無政府主義者の分裂時に重要な意味を持った。これまでの歴史上、最も知られている「無政府共産主義社会」、現在無政府共産主義と呼ばれる思想に基づいていて、世界中の注目を集め、無政府共産主義の歴史的な解釈をつくった社会の例は、スペイン内戦勃発で起きたスペイン革命中のアナキストが実権を握った地域と、ロシア革命中、ネストル・マフノが指導したマフノ運動のウクライナ革命反乱軍の影響下にあった自由地区である。スペイン革命中のスペインのアナキストの指導と尽力で1936年から、アラゴンと、アンダルシアとレバンテの一部を支配し、アナキスト・カタルーニャ（）を守ってきたが、フランコ政権、ナチス・ドイツ、イタリア王国、ソ連から支援されたスペイン共産党による抑圧といった複合的脅威と、資本主義諸国やスペイン共和国政府からの経済・軍事的な制裁措置によって容赦なく滅ぼされた。ロシア革命中には、ネストル・マフノをはじめとするアナキストは、1919年から1921年に赤軍よって滅ぼされるまで、ウクライナ革命反乱軍を使って、フリー・テリトリーをつくり、守ろうとした。無政府共産主義の潮流が現れたのは、18世紀のイングランド内戦とフランス革命の時期である。イギリスで急進的な土地均分運動を起こしたディガーズ（）を始めたゲラード・ウィンスタンリー（）は"The New Law of Righteousness"という名の論文において、"一切の売買、市場というものは存在してはいけない。地球全体が何人にも共有された財産でなければならない"と述べ、また"他人を支配する存在はいてはいけない。ただ自分だけが自分自身の支配者でなくてはならない"と述べた。フランス革命では、シルヴァン・マレシャル（）が"Manifesto of the Equals"(1796年)において、"地球からの恵みの共有"を要求し、"豊かな者と貧しい者の、貴族と賤民の、主人と使用人の、統治者と被統治者の反感を催させるような区別"の消滅を望んだ。初めて自身を"リバタリアン"と自称したジョセフ・デジャキュ（）が、初期の無政府共産主義者である。プルードンの性差別などを批判し、さらにプルードンの理論に反対して"彼らの労働の成果は、それがいくら彼らにとって当然であったとしても、彼らの権利なのではなく、彼らの欲求を満たすことである。"と主張した。アナキストで歴史家のマックス・ネットラウ（）によると、「リバタリアン共産主義」という語は、1880年11月、フランスのアナキストの大会が、思想をより明確に定義したときに初めて使用された。後に4巻からなる"Anarchist Encyclopedia"を立ち上げ編集した、フランス人アナキストでありジャーナリストのセバスティアン・フォーレ（）はルイーズ・ミシェルとともに1895年にデジャキュの思想を受け継ぐ週刊誌"Le Libertaire"（英訳:"The Libertarian"）を始めた。The collectivist anarchists advocated remuneration for the type and amount of labor adhering to the principle "to each according to deeds"; but held out the possibility of a post-revolutionary transition to a communist system of distribution according to need. As Bakunin's associate, James Guillaume, put it in his essay, "Ideas on Social Organization" (1876), "When... production comes to outstrip consumption... [e]veryone will draw what he needs from the abundant social reserve of commodities, without fear of depletion; and the moral sentiment which will be more highly developed among free and equal workers will prevent, or greatly reduce, abuse and waste."Anarchist communism as a coherent, modern economic-political philosophy was first formulated in the Italian section of the First International by Carlo Cafiero, Emilio Covelli, Errico Malatesta, Andrea Costa and other ex-Mazzinian Republicans. Out of respect for Mikhail Bakunin, they did not make their differences with collectivist anarchism explicit until after Bakunin's death. The collectivist anarchists sought to collectivize ownership of the means of production while retaining payment proportional to the amount and kind of labor of each individual, but the anarcho-communists sought to extend the concept of collective ownership to the products of labor as well. While both groups argued against capitalism, the anarchist communists departed from Proudhon and Bakunin, who maintained that individuals have a right to the product of their individual labor and to be remunerated for their particular contribution to production. But, Errico Malatesta put it: "...instead of running the risk of making a confusion in trying to distinguish what you and I each do, let us all work and put everything in common. In this way each will give to society all that his strength permits until enough is produced for every one; and each will take all that he needs, limiting his needs only in those things of which there is not yet plenty for every one."Cafiero explains in "Anarchy and Communism" (1880) that private property in the product of labor will lead to unequal accumulation of capital and, therefore, the reappearance of social classes and their antagonisms, and thus the resurrection of the state: "If we preserve the individual appropriation of the products of labour, we would be forced to preserve money, leaving more or less accumulation of wealth according to more or less merit rather than need of individuals." At the Florence Conference of the Italian Federation of the International in 1876, held in a forest outside Florence due to police activity, they declared the principles of anarcho-communism, beginning with:"The Italian Federation considers the collective property of the products of labour as the necessary complement to the collectivist programme, the aid of all for the satisfaction of the needs of each being the only rule of production and consumption which corresponds to the principle of solidarity. The federal congress at Florence has eloquently demonstrated the opinion of the Italian International on this point..."The above report was made in an article by Malatesta and Cafiero in the (Swiss) Jura Federation's bulletin later that year.Peter Kropotkin, often seen as the most important theorist of anarchist communism, outlined his economic ideas in "The Conquest of Bread" and "Fields, Factories and Workshops". Kropotkin felt that co-operation is more beneficial than competition, arguing in his major scientific work " that this was well-illustrated in nature. He advocated the abolition of private property through the "expropriation of the whole of social wealth" by the people themselves, and for the economy to be co-ordinated through a horizontal network of voluntary associations where goods are distributed according to the physical needs of the individual, rather than according to labor. He further argued that these "needs," as society progressed, would not merely be physical needs but "[a]s soon as his material wants are satisfied, other needs, of an artistic character, will thrust themselves forward the more ardently. Aims of life vary with each and every individual; and the more society is civilized, the more will individuality be developed, and the more will desires be varied."He maintained that, in anarcho-communism:Individuals and groups would use and control whatever resources they needed, as the aim of anarchist communism was to place "the product reaped or manufactured at the disposal of all, leaving to each the liberty to consume them as he pleases in his own home." He supported the expropriation of property to ensure that everyone would have access to what they needed without being forced to sell their labour to get it.He said that a "peasant who is in possession of just the amount of land he can cultivate," and "a family inhabiting a house which affords them just enough space... considered necessary for that number of people" and the artisan "working with their own tools or handloom" would not be interfered with, arguing that "[t]he landlord owes his riches to the poverty of the peasants, and the wealth of the capitalist comes from the same source."In summation, Kropotkin described an anarchist communist economy as functioning like this:While many anarcho-communists are opposed to trade, some post-left and post-scarcity anarcho-communists, and ones with syndicalist sympathies, are not opposed to trade. Some support a non-monetary form of trade in the form of non-monetary commons. Others such as Tiziana Terranova easily see anarcho-communism being compatible with a non-hierarchical, open access, free association, non-monetary form of trade such as P2P."In 1876, at the Berne conference of the International Working Men's Association, the Italian anarchist Errico Malatesta argued that the revolution "consists more of deeds than words

出典:wikipedia